INTRODUCTION:

Ancient Indian yoga texts and present day research explore the linkages between the mind and body, including ‘witnessing’ quality of the mind^[1]. In a study, Yogic sleep was given for six months and found that there was significant decrease in their degree of depression and observed a significant change during the treatment period^[2]. A study^[3]using Yogic sleep, there was a decrease in the anxiety level in the case group. Earlier studies have also shown that employing Yoga interventions for other conditions (cancer survivors, self-reported emotional distress) results in beneficial effects for depression and mood, as well as anxiety and physical wellbeing.

The Yogic sleep state appears to reflect an integrated response by the hypothalamus, resulting in decreased sympathetic (excitation) nervous activity and increased parasympathetic (relaxation) function^[4]. Another study^[5] on the 10days of Yogic sleep practice has a good effect in reducing withdrawal symptoms in alcohol dependent individuals. Yogic sleep plays an important role in overcoming the Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) of the students. IGD is closely linked to commercial business.

A study by KPMG^[6] company in 2017 shows that in India it will be a billion US$ gaming industry by 2021. At present it is 290 million US$. The advent of India’s online gaming industry can be dated back to 2000s, a recent report says that, in the list of gaming-related businesses India ranks 22^2nd between the highest revenue-generating countries and thus highlights the consequences of risk faced by Indian population. The majority will continue to play on mobile devices in 2021. Internet Gaming Disorder is the most recent method of finding the disorders in the internet gaming^[7]. The IGD is based on the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual^[8](DSM-5) of mental disorders, the APA included IGD as a tentative disorder. According to DSM-5, the disorder could be diagnosed based on minimum satisfaction of 5 criteria in 12 month (APA, 2013) time curing of the disorder. The 5 minimum criteria are; 1. Preoccupation, 2. Tolerance, 3. Withdrawal, 4. Persistence, 5. Conflict, this is based on Indian adolescents. IGD prevalence rate is increasing alarmingly with age and gender, in the study of Torres-Rodriguez^[9]briefly outlines the scientific information for the treatment of IGD among male adolescents with the help of A-B-A withdrawal design. A review study^[7,32-36]has given the details about IGD for interpretation of correlation between IGD and psychological and physical health focused on neural changes, and strategies for treatment of it .Another study^[10]shows that p<0.05 reveals that there was online game addiction and less physical activity were associated with insomnia, anger, immorality and despondent mood further caused of distraction in communication and interaction. In the study of Lam LT^[11,37-41]results of the review suggest that additive gaming (particularly MMORPG) could be conjoin with poorer quality of sleep or insomnia. One more article^[12] shown the findings indicated that Internet online/offline gaming tendencies were persistently negatively correlated with good standing, while no such relationship is found for either time spent playing games or for video game engagement. A study^[13]observed that IGD were more significantly associated with gender, adolescent immorality, exasperation etc. One more study showed that internet gaming addiction may motive severe personal, social, and occupational problems. Kuss DJ^[14]also carried out study on the modern context of internet gaming addiction and its association with neuro-imaging findings as well as the current diagnostic framework adopted by the APA. Study^[15]showed that IGD allied with psychiatric disorders and suicidal tendencies. Bagdey P^[^16]carried out studies on Prevalence of IA and its effect on Mental Health among collage going students in Nanded city of Maharashtra with a sample size of 287.

The studies throw many challenges to evolve a comprehensive approach in combining awareness and good practices of using internet services. Another study^[17] brings about the ill effects of excess use of internet leading to addiction and be vigilant about psychopathology. Those with excessive use internet had high scores on anxiety, depression, and anxiety depression. Of the total, about 74.5% were potential addicts. According to Young's original criteria, 0.7% was found to be definite addicts. Subjects with excessive use of internet also had problems of anxiety, depression, and anxiety depression. The study^[17]also found the significant association between IGD and psychopathology in school children from Mumbai, India. Azher M^[18]conducted a study among university students with regression analysis showed association between IGD and Anxiety. The review article^[19]identifies the clinical attributes of IA which may help to direct that there is IA and PVG should be associated with substance use disorders. A study^[20]was carried out for the analysis of indicators, habits and online spent timing in patients with internet addiction disorder. Findings of the study^[21]showed surprising correlation between GAD and IGD in the Behavioural inhibition. Many other studies^[22-24]proved the fact that a greater prevalence expansion rate of IGD among adults. Based on all the above review studies, the problem statement may be defined for the IGD. Indian scriptures^[25,26] do discuss about the problem of gaming disorders and offer solutions in the form of yogic sleep.

The aim of this study is to enable the students to practice yogic sleep as a primary treatment of tentative Internet Gaming Disorder by witnessing one’s own state of mind and reduce the number of hours in playing the online and off line games.

The problem may be stated as; “How to reduce the tentative IGD among the adolescent group?”

Many adolescents are the victims of excessive Internet gaming and are so much immersed that they are inattentive and have become addicts of the online and also offline gaming resulting into disorder. Yogic sleep is found to be an effective tool to overcome the disorder. Hence, a hypothesis is proposed.

HYPOTHESIS:

The hypothesis may be stated as;

“Reducing tentative Internet Game Disorder addict hours through Yogic sleep”.

Yogic sleep is an independent entity defined in the form of an independent variable as a means of balancing and harmonizing the body–mind addictions^[25]. Witnessing the mind through yogic sleep may be carried out through practices of Yogic sleep with suitable verbal instructions from the yoga instructor.

Yoga sleep protocol

Under the instruction of a teacher, lie flat on the back.

Make sure that the head, neck, and shoulder are in a straight line

Rotation of Consciousness

Relax your whole body.

Breathe out all your tensions and weariness

Feel that you are becoming very heavy.

Become aware of the parts of the body

Breath awareness

Breath can alternatively be imagined passing in and out of the navel or in and out the left nostril, the the right nostril

Awareness of sensations

It’s a virtual sleep or yogic sleep which puts the mind in state of relaxation

Finish:

Now bring back your attention to your body level

Fig. 1 Yoga sleep (yoga nidra) protocol

Yogic sleep for the purification of mind through cultivation of feelings. Saraswati SS^[25] explained yoga as skill in action and also it is consonance between thought, feeling and deed.

METHODS:

A protocol is prepared to explain the internet game disorder frequencies. This protocol has been shown in Fig.1.

Standardised IGD scale^[32] was administered to 630 subjects and out of which 600 subjects were considered among the School adolescents. The study was carried out in CBSE Schools in Bhopal city. The age group of the students varied in the range from 15-18 years. They were studying in X, XI and XII classes. The two groups, yoga and control from the subjects are selected randomly. The questionnaires were distributed to all the 630 participants. The questionnaires were anonymous and self-administered. The questionnaire contained two parts:

· Socio economic information (Table 1).

· IGD scale in the form of a questionnaire.

IGD scale was applied to qualify for the prevalence of IGD among adolescents. It is rated all nine items on a six-point ordinal frequency scale: It is denoted by never (0), one to five times (1) in the last year, (2) 5–11 times in the last year, (3) about once to thrice a month, (4) once or more a week, and (5) every day or almost every day. After all the questions are answered, numbers for each response are added to obtain a final score. Students ‘t’ test is used to compare the mean scores of yoga and control groups. The SPSS data are shown in tables; Tables 1 shows demographical information, Table 2, frequency of time spent on line per day, and Table 3 shows paired ‘t’ test data.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The assessment of yoga nidra protocol (Fig.1) is carried out. Each participant would be assessed for two separate sessions; one experimental session with Yoga Sleep and another control session on separate days. The process of conducting each session may be explained in the following steps; a) Lie down on the posterior position with legs stretched, hand stretched, relax your facial muscles, b) Focus on the breathing rates, c) Observe the flow of air in the right and left nostrils, d) Oxygen absorption in the blood flow and release of CO₂ in exhalation and see the no fluctuation in the breathing rate, e) Gradually start the observation of each and every part of the physical body from toes to the head region, f)Relaxing the toes, foots gradually move up to the heals, ankles, calf muscles, your knees, thighs, hips, you will realize bringing attention to it, g) Observe the muladhar region, h) observe the navel region. Look at the blood flow in the liver region; i) observe the lungs and blood flow, throat region, chin, mouth, ears, and facial muscles, fore head, eyes and lastly the neural system of the brain. Repeat all the above nine steps in a rhythmic way so that they participant starts the witnessing one’s own mind and body. These nine steps of yoga nidra help the participants in many ways of adolescent well being. The feeling of emotional relaxation^[27] from the state of turbulent mind with anger and frustration is witnessed by one self without the help of outsiders. It is a self witnessing of self confident, clarity in thinking, analysis with clarity etc. The adolescent group felt refreshed and energetic without taking any costly sleeping pills and it is cost effective^[28] method of getting the easy sleep.

Table 1: Pattern of participants’ distribution according to Socio-economic profile characteristics

Characteristics	No. of study subjects (N=600)	Percentage (%)
Age	No. of study subjects (N=600)	Percentage (%)
15 Years	117	19.5
16 Years	214	35.6
17 Years	227	37.8
18Years	42	7
Gender
Male	236	39.33
Female	364	60.67
Place of stay
Own house	302	50.33
Hostel	211	35.17
Rent	87	14.5
Economic classification by income
Upper (I)	174	29
middle (II)	353	58.83
Lower (III)	73	12.17

Table 2: Pre (without Yoga) and Post (with Yoga) internet game playing group frequencies

Number of Hours/Day	Frequency
Number of Hours/Day	Pre group	Post group
1	-	263 (87.7%)
2	-	34 (11.3%)
3	-	3 (1.0%)
5	12 (4.0%)	-
6	57 (19.0%)	-
7	96 (32.0%)	-
8	114 (38.0%)	-
9	21 (7.00%)	-
Total	300	300

Table 3: Yoga nidra effect of online time compared to pre group

	Pre Group, hrs/day	Post group, hrs/day
Sample size	300	300
Mean	7.25	1.13

Apart from the above advantages of yoga sleep, it has a therapeutic advantage of an effective tool^[29]. The refreshed stage of yoga nidra provides a state of moment to moment awareness of mindfulness^[30] or showing effortless qualities of attentional behaviour. All the nine steps that are discussed in fig. 1, shows that yoga nidra is a systematic method of inducing complete mental, emotional and physical relaxation.

It is a type of positive frame of mind^[31] were conscious intellectual mind disappears, subconscious mind becomes active and unconscious mind merges with the subconscious, and there we have no concept of time and space.

The socioeconomic profile details of the students are illustrated in Table 1. The socioeconomic status shows that the majority of the parents of the students belong to the average middle class society indicated as grades 1, 2 and 3with an average monthly income ranging from Rs.20, 000- 50, 000//- per family. It may further be noted that about 35.17% of the students were residing in the hostel. The mean age of the students was 16.5± 1.29 years. Among these students 60.67% were females and 39.33% were males.

Table 2 shows the frequency of the online playing game conditions with and without yoga nidra. It is interesting to note that the yoga nidra effect is seen with dominant 87.70 % frequency percentage while there is nobody in the control group with 1 hour internet game play. It further indicates that the internet addiction decreases with increase in yoga nidra.

In Table 3, we have exclusively given the yoga nidra effect of time reduction when compared to without yoga nidra or pre group. It clearly shows the reduction in the time between the pre and post groups. There is a reduction time percentage of 84.41% compared to the pre group because of yoga nidra.

There is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups at p<0.001 (Table 4). A paired sample t-test was conducted between the control and experimental groups.

CONCLUSION:

The subjects are divided into two groups are formed, one with yogic sleep practice and another without yogic sleep @ 300 in each group. IGD scale is used to test the disorder. Our hypothesis “Reducing tentative Internet Game Disorder addict hours through Yogic sleep” is tested using the ‘t’ test which shows highly significant values at p<0.001 and hence null hypothesis is rejected with a confidence interval of 95% . The outcome of the studies suggests that there is a reduction time percentage of 84.41% compared to the control group because of yoga nidra. There is a scope for further research in reducing the IGD hours with deep yogic sleep methods.

Declarations:

Abbreviations:

IGD- Internet Game Disorder

Ethics approval and consent to participate:

Not applicable.

Consent for publication:

Not applicable.

Availability of data and material:

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Competing interest:

Author and Co-Author, declare that they have no-competing interests.

Funding:

This research work did not receive any grants from external funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Authors' contributions:

The main author is the administrative head and the remaining co-authors contributed the data analysis and its statistical interpretation and in writing this paper.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

We sincerely thank all my colleagues and students who participated in this research work and their excellent cooperation in caring out this work successfully.

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Received on 14.10.2018 Modified on 17.10.2018

Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2019; 10(1):29-33.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5828.2019.00006.8

Sample	N	Paired Differences		df	t	Significance level (2-tailed)
		Mean	Std. Deviation
Pre group	300	3.34	0.93	299	39.85	0.001
Post group	300	0.88	0.49